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Highlights of Union Budget 2011-12
Changes in I-T slab. Threshold of exemption for all Income Tax assesses raised from from Rs 1,10,000 to Rs 1,50,000.
Every income tax assessees to get relief of minimum of Rs 4,000.
No change in rate of surcharge.
New tax slabs will be: 10 per cent for Rs 150,000 to Rs 300,000, 20 per cent for Rs 300,000 to Rs 500,000 and 30 per cent above Rs 500,000.
For women, the income tax limit goes up from Rs 1.45 lakh to Rs 1.80 lakh. In case of senior women citizens, it increases from Rs 1.95 lakh to Rs 2.25 lakh.
Fresh facilities, encouragement to sports and guest houses exempted from Fringe Benefit Tax.
Five year tax holiday for setting up hospitals in tier II and tier III regions for providing healthcare in rural areas from April 1, 2008.
Five year tax holiday for promoting cultural tourism.
Short-term capital gains increases to 15 per cent.
Commodities Transaction Tax to be introduced on the lines of Securities Transaction Tax.
Banking cash transaction tax withdrawn from April one, 2009.
Direct tax proposals to be revenue neutral. Indirect tax proposals to result in loss of Rs 5,000 crore.
Rs 500 crore for corpus fund to subsidise all women Self Help Groups for LIC [ Get Quote ] cover for permanent disability.
Agricultural loans given by scheduled commercial banks, regional rural banks and cooperative credit institutions up to March 31, 2007 and due for December 31 that year will be covered under the waiver scheme to address the problem of indebtedness.
No change in corporate income tax.
To protect tigers, Rs 50 crore for National Tiger Conservation Programme. Bulk of it to be used to raise Tiger Protection Force.
Plan expenditure fixed at Rs 2,43,000 crore and non plan expenditure at 5,74,000 crore.
Fiscal deficit pegged at 3.1 per cent and revenue deficit at 1.4 per cent.
Tax to GDP ratio increased from 9.2 per cent in 2004-05 to 12.5 per cent 2007-08.
No change in peak rate of customs duty for non
Customs duty on specified life saving drugs reduced from ten per cent to five per cent.
Special Countervailing Duty on power imports.
Customs duty on specified sports goods machinery down from 7.5 per cent to five per cent.
Duty withdrawn on naptha for production of polymers.
Duty on crude and unrefined sulphur reduced from five to 2 per cent to help raise domestic fertiliser production.
General Centvat on all goods to be reduced from 16 per cent to 14 per cent. Excise duty reduced from 16 per cent to eight per cent on all pharmaceutical goods manufacture.
Excise duty on small cars reduced to 12 per cent from 16 per cent and hybrid cars to 14 per cent.
Excise duty reduced from 16 to 8 per cent on water purification items.
Duty on non filter cigarettes to be raised.
Asset management service under mutual funds, services by stock exchanges to be brought under Services Tax net.
Threshold for small service providers raised from Rs eight lakh to Rs 10 lakh.
Allocation for defence to be increased by 10 per cent from Rs 96,000 crore to Rs 1,05,600 crore.
75 lakh people to be covered by health insurance scheme.
Allocation for Textile Upgradation Fund to be more than doubled.
Micro, small and medium enterprises to continue to get special attention.
Risk Capital Fund to be set up in SIDBI.
PAN requirement to be extended to all transactions in capital market subject to a threshold.
Rs 750 crore for upgradation of 300 ITIs in 25 districts.
Rs 32,676 crore as subsidy to Public Distribution System.
PDS through smart cards in Haryana and Chandigarh on pilot basis.
Three schemes to be introduced for providing social security to unorganised sector workers.
Sixth central pay commission to submit report by March 31, 2008.
Rs 624 crore allocated for Commonwealth Games [ Images ]
Farmers’ debt to be waived
Complete waiver of loans for marginal farmers owning land up to one hectare and small farmers owning land up to 1 and 2 hectares.
Agricultural loans given by scheduled commericial banks, regional rural banks and cooperative credit institutions up to March 31, 2007 and due for December 31 that year will be covered under the waiver scheme to address the problem of indebtedness.
One time settlement of loans for other farmers.
Agriculture loans restructured and rescheduled by banks from 2004-06 and other loans normally rescheduled under RBI guidelines will also be eligible under the waiver scheme.
Implementation of debt waiver and debt relief will be completed by June 30 this year.
Loan waiver scheme to involve loans liability of Rs 60,000 crore and to benefit four crore farmers.
By loan waiver scheme, the country is discharging a deep debt and sense of gratitude to farmers, says Chidambaram.
The corpus of rural infrastructure development fund to be raised to Rs 14,000 crore.
More reforms needed in coal and electricity sectors to ensure double digit growth in manufacturing sector.
Rs 800 crore for accelerated power reforms programme.
National Fund for Transmission and Distribution Reforms to be launched.
The loan waiver scheme will benefit three crore small and medium farmers and cover loans totalling Rs 50,000 crore.
One crore other farmers will benefit to the tune of Rs 10,000 crore in the waiver.
Foreign investment of 3.5 to 8 billion dollars expected for exploration and development of new oil blocks.
Rs 7,200 crore to be allocated to the Ministry of Women and Child Development, marking an increase of 24 per cent.
Rs 500 crore for corpus fund to subsidise all women Self Helf Groups for LIC cover for permanent disability.
A target of Rs 2.80 lakh crore for agriculture credit set for the coming year.
Rs 20,000 crore for irrigation projects under AIPB, showing an increase of Rs 9,000 crore over last year.
National Horticulture Mission to be given Rs 1,100 crore in 2008-09 with special focus on coconut cultivation.
Rs 75 crore to be given to Agriculture Ministry for providing mobile soil testing laboratories in 250 districts.
Rs 644 crore for National Agriculture Insurance Scheme, which will be continued pending evolving an alternative crop insurance scheme.
National Plant Protection Training Institute at Hyderabad to be made autonomous body and Rs.29 crore will be allocated to it.
A scheme of debt waiver and relief for small and marginal farmers announced.
NREGA scheme to be rolled out in all the 596 rural districts in the country in 2008-09.
Jawaharlal Nehru [ Images ] Urban Renewal Mission to get Rs 6,865 crore this year against Rs 5,482 crore past year.
Allocation for Rajiv Gandhi [ Images ] Drinking Water Mission to be increased to Rs 7,300 crore. Rs 200 crore for potable water in schools.
Rs 300 crore to be set aside for desalination plant in Chennai for drinking water.
Rs 500 crore for identifying urgent needs of development programmes of border areas like Arunachal Pradesh.
SC, ST and minority students to continue to get special attention.
Allocation for several schemes in North East raised from Rs 14,365 crore to Rs 16,400 crore.
Rs 75 crore sanctioned for Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship Programme for SC/ST students pursuing M.Phil.
Rs 230 crore will be extended as additional equity to developmental organisations looking after the welfare of SC,
ST, socially and economically backward classes and minorities.
Allocation for Minority Affairs Ministry to be doubled from Rs 500 crore to Rs 1,000 crore.
Rs 540 crore for multi-sectoral development plan for minority concentration districts.
288 public sector bank branches to be opened in districts having minority community concentration.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan will be provided Rs 13,100 crore, Mid Day Meal scheme Rs 8,000 crore, Secondary education Scheme Rs 4,554 crore.
410 additional Kasturba Gandhi [ Images ] Vidyalaya to be set up in backward blocks.
Navodaya Vidyalayas to be opened in 20 districts with special focus on regions having SC/ST concentration.
Allocation of Rs 130 crore for this purpose. Rs.750 crore more to be given for merit scholarship to students up to 10th and 12th class.
Mid day Meal scheme extended to upper primary level in 3479 schools. 16 central universities to be opened in 2008-09.
Three IITs to be set up in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan [ Images ].
Schools of architecture and planning in Bhopal and Vijaywada. More institutes of higher education to be opened.
Rs 100 crore to be given to Information Technology Ministry to set up national knowledge centres.
Allocation for NRHM increased to Rs 12,050 crore
Rs 992 crore for national AIDS programme.
A national programme for the elderly to be started at a cost of Rs. 400 crore.
Rashtra Swasthya Beema Yojana to start from April one in Delhi [ Images ] and Haryana. Rs 30,000 for each family belonging to unorganised sector.
Allocation for ICDS increased to Rs 6300 crore.
Rs 85 crore sanctioned for scholarships to students pursuing science education.
Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research to be set up at Bhopal and Thiruvananthapuram.
Agriculture credit doubled in the first two years of the government to reach Rs.2.40 lakh crore by March 2008.
Eleventh Plan started on a robust growth.
Gross budgetary support to be raised to Rs 2,43,386 crore, an increase of more than Rs 38,000 crore from the current level.
Allocation for Bharat Nirman to be raised to Rs 31,280 crore.
Twenty per cent hike in education budget this year from Rs 28,674 crore to Rs 34,400 crore.
GDP growth slows down to 8.4 per cent during quarter ended December 31, 2007 as compared to 9.1 per cent a year ago.
Economy grew over eight per cent over 12 successive quarters since 2005, says Finance Minister P Chidambaram.
Growth rate of agricultre extimated at 2.6 per cent during the current year.
Services and manufacturing sectors expected to grow by 10.7 per cent and 9.4 per cent, says Chidambaram.
Keeping inflation under check is one of the cornerstones of the Government’s policy.
Rice production estimiated at 94.08 million tonnes, maize 16.78 mt, soyabean 9.45 mt and cotton 23.38 million bales.
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Concept of Good Governance
Good governance provides a platform that enables the Government to operate efficiently, effectively and transparently and to be accountable to the public. Primary Principles of Good Governance include:
Civil Society’s involvement occupies a critical place in the governance process and promotes good governance by facilitating people’s collective action for attaining sustainable socio-economic outcomes for the common good of the society.
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Civil Society
Civil Society often constitutes organisations such as:
“Civil society or civil institutions can be in totality referred to as voluntary, civic and social organisations or institutions which form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force backed structures of a state (regardless of that state’s political system)”.
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Peasant Movement In Maharashtra
Peasant Movement In Maharashtra
A major agrarian unrest took place in Poona and Ahmednagar -districts of Maharashtra in 1875. In Maharashtra the british government had directly settled the revenue with the peasants. At the same time ,it increased the rates of revenue so high that it was impossible to pay the revenue and they had no option left other than borrowing the money from the moneylenders who charged high interest rates. More and more land got mortgaged and sold out to the moneylenders who tried their level best to achieve the land at legal and illegal terms. Peasant patience got exhausted by the end of the year1875 and huge agrarian riots took place. Police failed in meeting the fury of peasant`s resistance which was suppressed only when the whole military force at Poona took the field against them. Once again the modern intelligentsia of Maharashtra supported the peasant`s demands. But it pointed out that the source of misery of peasants was high revenue rates and government`s incapabilities to provide loan at cheaper rates.
1980-Farmer Movement In Maharashtra
The Shetkari Sangathana
Formation: Founded in late 1970’s by Sharad Joshi
The main objective of the Sangathana was to reconstitute the village community. Economically, by retaining within it the surplus; socially, by providing an employment generating self-sufficient village community based on artisan production; and Politically, by devolving power from the state to the traditional Panchayats.
Major Demand & outcomes:
Main Focus on the issue of remunerative prices to farmers.Prices of onion were increased by 25-30%.Advance for purchase of sugarcane was also increased.Farmers relieved of debts; prices close to those demanded.
Achievements:
Remunerative prices.Succeeded in getting concessions from the electricity department. A very strong awareness can be seen amongst farmers regarding the prices of their agricultural produce
Benefits:
Grant of easier loans at low rates of interest,abolition of taxes on agricultural implements,etc.
Shortcomings:
Cause of the most deprived was ignored. Another neglected issue is the one concerning the wage levels in agriculture. Lack of enthusiasm in improving the quality of rural life.
Monopoly purchase of cotton in the state . Sugarcane industry and Levy on sugar. Creating alternatives for marketing agricultural produce. Essential commodities act of 1955. Encouraging novel methods of Jowar utilization .Farmer promoted development companies as an alternative to land acquisition by Government.
CURRENT CHALLENGES TO FARMERS:
Increasing Input cost. No corresponding increase in Output price.Threat posed by WTO.Abolition of quota system on Export / Import.
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Rise of Hindi In Media
It’s not that he didn’t know English. He had studied the language, but Hindi was his forte. Unfortunately, that was when the film industry, where Dheer looked for work, was dominated by people who couldn’t speak the Hindi he was familiar with. He was so intimidated by the English-speaking elite in the industry that he had a tough time narrating scripts to them. Because he’d frequently slip into Hindi.
Dheer has come a long way since then. He’s very comfortable with English, though he continues to slip into Hindi during conversations. Only, now he is unapologetic about it.
What changed? Somewhere between narrating scripts and getting work, Dheer realised that what he thought was his weakness was actually his strength. He had something the English speakers didn’t – a command over the language that the entertainment industry primarily runs on. That gave him the confidence to forge ahead.
“I was getting work because of my knowledge of Hindi. People who did not know Hindi used to ask me for advice on how to write and say things. That was my strength,” says Dheer. Because of this, the TV and film industry has been good to him. Dheer conceived, created and developed the award winning TV serial Office Office; he wrote the dialogues for the Ajay Devgan, Kajol starrer U Me Aur Hum and also made his directorial debut with the film One Two Three.
The people in the entertainment industry are still more comfortable with English, says Dheer, and he’s right. Still, because people like Dheer have something the English speakers don’t, they are now more often heard.
Cool Quotient
Dheer’s confidence graph is not unlike the confidence graph of the Hindi language, which has steadily risen over the past 15 years or so.
There was a time when the average convent-educated Delhiite or Mumbaikar wouldn’t be caught dead speaking Hindi. It was the language one used to address members of the serving class – the driver or the maid. Hindi movies were laughed at and an invisible line divided the urban youth in college in two: those who spoke English, who were ‘cool’. And those who spoke Hindi, also known as behenjis and bhaiyyas.
Today, Hindi is a language much in demand. In Delhi University, the cut offs (the minimum percentage after which no more candidates are admitted) for the Hindi honours course have steadily risen over the past three years. This is a sure indication of the popularity of the course.
Not only that, English-speaking graduates from elite backgrounds who, a few years ago, wouldn’t have dreamed of a career where knowledge of Hindi was the predominant requirement, have joined the Hindi media in droves. Hindi has suddenly become cool.
Money Talks
Popular perception has it that the media explosion of the last few years changed everything. Indian viewers were suddenly spoilt for choice. From a channel and a half, we had 100 channels in English and Hindi to choose from. The demand for Hindi in the media grew, and therefore the demand for Hindi speakers.
But something came before the media explosion. The change began years ago, in the ’90s, with the liberalisation of our economy.
Liberalisation meant that prosperity flowed into smaller homes in smaller towns like Meerut, says Mrinal Pande, author and editor of the Hindi daily, Hindustan. “There is no market in India as big as the Hindi heartland. And when a market is big, it demands its own language and choices in that language. The demand is ‘If you want to sell me your brand, sell it to me in my language’,” says literary and media critic professor Sudhish Pachauri, who also heads the department of Hindi at Delhi University. So people who didn’t live in the metros or bigger Indian towns finally found that they mattered. They could ask for something and get it too. The growing clout of this large number of Hindi speaking people led to a growing confidence in themselves and their country.
“Whenever countries become con-fident of themselves, they take pride in their language and culture,” explains Mrinal Pande. “With economic prosperity, our youngsters grew up in a free atmosphere and started to see their language as a sort of an identity they are proud of.” But demand for and by Hindispeakers was not enough. The language has seen a resurgence also because it changed. And changed in such a way that it appealed to the youth, across all regions of the country.
Dil Hai Hindustani
“Language becomes cool if the current generation likes it and uses it. It becomes cool if it is part of everyday communication. And that happens when a language is ready to embrace change,” says Prasoon Joshi, awardwinning lyricist and executive chairman of McCann Worldgroup India.
Previously, an almost Urdu-ised Hindi had dominated our cultural space, including Bollywood, for years. But a trend that first started with advertising brought down that Hindi from its pedestal and made it more accessible. Then Bollywood, which was already responsible for the spread of Hindi, took it further, especially into regions that were hostile to Hindi, like the south and east of the country. “I find more and more as I travel,even in Chennai and Kolkata, more and more people speak Hindi now because Hindi films have really penetrated deep into India,” says ad and theatre man Bharat Dabholkar.
Ad man and entrepreneur Prahlad Kakkar traces the origin of ‘cool’ Hindi to the Pepsi campaign of the early ’90s that started with the cry: Yeh dil maange more! “Pepsi started Indianising their ads. So ‘ask for more’ became ‘dil maange more’. ‘This is the right choice, baby’ became ‘yehi hai right choice, baby’,” says Kakkar. This language, Hinglish, resonated with the youth who were looking for an identity. Youngsters were relieved to have found a language they could identify with. It wasn’t so Indian as to embarrass them, nor so Western as to alienate them.
Hinglish made people comfortable speaking a language they were embarrassed about speaking earlier because of a fear of goofing up, says Dabholkar who is seen as one of the founders of Hinglish thanks to his introduction of the language in the Amul butter ads on which he worked for years.
As a mix of Hindi and English, Hinglish made English prominent – but also helped Hindi become popular because the language loosened up. Ravish Kumar, features editor of NDTV India, explains the situation rather well when he says, “Hindi ke acharya ke bojh thay hum par (The weight of academic Hindi weighed many of us down.)”
That weight has gone, believes Prasoon Joshi. “Hindi was overprotected. It was bookish and unfriendly. Of late it has become more contemporary,” says Joshi. That contemporary Hindi can be heard in our movies, some TV serials, Hindi news channels and Hindi newspapers.
“The language of advertising also changed. The stars of the advertising world became the bilingual copywriters; not only for advertising but also as writers for movies,” says Kakkar. Prasoon Joshi has played no small role in helping making the Hindi language contemporary thanks to his work in ad campaigns like Coca-Cola (Thanda matlab Coca-Cola) and Chlormint (dobara mat poochna) and for lyrics in films like Rang De Basanti and Taare Zameen Par. “Previously, the language of common parlance wasn’t manifested in the movies. That has changed now, though not completely,” says Joshi, citing Rang De Basanti and Lage Raho Munnabhai as examples of films that brought contemporary, snappy Hindi to Bollywood.
Desi Cool
If small town India was getting more confident about its language, urban India was being reacquainted with its country – ironically – because of international channels like MTV and Channel V. These channels discovered the youth market in India and worked frantically to tap it, selling India to the Indian youth.
“MTV along with other youth channels drew a lot on the sounds of the street. We took things that were uncool and planted them in places that would make them cool. This included things like street language and calendar art,” says Cyrus Oshidar who headed MTV over those crucial years and now runs a brand solutions and youth marketing firm,Bawa Broadcasting. Their efforts led to a fundamental understanding among the youth that it was not uncool to love your own culture, he adds. Hindi, our national language, benefited from that.
Miles To Go
This doesn’t mean that Hindi is the new English. Yes, more people are speaking Hindi. Yes, there are more jobs available for exclusive Hindi speakers. Yes, Hindi channels are booming. But the truth is, if you want to be recognised as someone who has truly arrived, you still need to know English, and good English at that. “Hindi is still viewed as a downmarket language. English is still the language of the powerful, the elite,” says Ashutosh, managing editor of the Hindi news channel IBN 7. “Even now, many Hindi journalists won’t call themselves Hindi journalists. They will in all probability say, ‘I work for IBN 7’ or ‘I work for Aaj Tak’. This complexity is not attached to someone working in English news channels.”
“English remains the language of aspiration while Hindi is the language of society,” agrees NDTV’s Ravish Kumar.
In fact this pro-English slant is so high that it accounts for the puzzling contradiction that, though Hindi TV channels and Hindi newspapers reach out to lakhs more than their English counterparts, the English media makes higher revenues because premium advertisers always choose English over Hindi. That, however, is changing, says Mrinal Pande. “The footprint of the Hindi market is every marketer’s dream. Other Indian languages represent one or two states, while Hindi and its dialects is the mother tongue in 11 states and is also spoken elsewhere. Hindi is where the revenue is. Why do you think James Murdoch is shopping for a Hindi channel? Why do you think NRIs like Katrina Kaif who cannot speak a word of Hindi come to India to act? They are driven not by a love of the language but by the fact that they can make money out of Hindi. So Hindi is making a lot of strange friends,” she says. If that ensures the language stays alive, so be it.
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Parts of Editorial Page of a Newspaper
Parts of Editorial Page of a Newspaper
1. Editorial: Editorial piece is considered to be soul of a newspaper/magazine.
Newspapers and magazines feature editorials, mainly by the editor or publisher of the publication. Additionally, most print publications feature an editorial, or letter from the editor, followed by a Letters to the Editor Section, articles, or op-ed. Some newspapers also has special religious column. The editorial in magazines usually appears in the fist first page of the magazine. However, all the magazines do not follow same patterns.
2. Column: A column is a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication. Columns are written by columnists who are well acquainted with the subject. What differentiates a column from other forms of journalism is that it meets each of the following criteria:
- It is a regular feature in a publication
- It is personality-driven by the author
- It explicitly contains an opinion or point of view
Types of columns: a. advice column, b. critic reviews, c. editorial opinion d. gossip, e. humor, f. food column, music column
3. Op-ed: An op-ed, abbreviated from opposite the editorial page (though often believed to be abbreviated from opinion-editorial), is a newspaper article that expresses the opinions of a named writer who is usually unaffiliated with the newspaper’s editorial board. These are different from editorials, which are usually unsigned and written by editorial board members. Op-eds are so named because they are generally printed on the page opposite the editorial.
Although standard editorial pages have been printed by newspapers for many centuries, the first modern op-ed page was created in 1921 by Herbert Bayard Swope of the New York Evening World. When he took over as editor in 1920, he realized that the page opposite the editorials was “a catchall for book reviews, society boilerplate, and obituaries.” He is quoted as writing:
4. Letters to Editor: Letter to the editor sometimes abbreviated LTTE or LTE is a letter sent to a publication about issues of concern to its readers. Usually, letters are intended for publication. In many publications, letters to the editor may be sent either through conventional mail or electronic mail.
Usually, letters to the editor are associated with newspapers and newsmagazines. However, they are sometimes sent to other periodicals (such as entertainment and technical magazines), and radio and television stations. In the latter instance, letters are sometimes read on the air (usually, on a news broadcast or on talk radio).
The subject matter of letters to the editor VARIES widely. However, the most common topics include:
- Supporting or opposing an editorial stance, or responding to another writer’s letter to the editor.
- Commenting on a current issue being debated by a governing body – local, regional or national depending on the publication’s circulation. Often, the writer will urge elected officials to make their decision based on his/her viewpoint.
- Remarking on materials (such as a news story) that have appeared in a previous edition. Such letters may either be critical or praising.
- Correcting a perceived error or misrepresentation.
5. Editorial cartoon: An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or comic strip containing a political or social message that usually relates to current events or personalities.
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Major Forms Of Views & Opinions in Newspapers & Magazines
Major Forms Of Views & Opinions in Newspapers & Magazines
Newspapers reserve the page for what editors consider the most interesting and significant stories- important local stories and news of state, national and world events. Sections of the newspapers set aside for sports, lifestyle, entertainment, business and economic news. Pages and sections are devoted to lifestyle topics- stories centred about the family and the homes as well as the stories of broader social interest. Sometimes newspapers publish columns, sometimes pages, of news of special interest to children. Many newspapers cater to teen-agers with columns or pages of school news. Most newspapers carry news about gardening, food, clothing, fashions, home furnishings and home repairs, social problems and personal relationships- all of interest to both men and women and to readers of all ages.
A great deal of space is devoted to sports. Professional sports have multiplied and become a major interest of a large part of the population. The space devoted to sports in the newspaper is a reflection of this preoccupation. Sports pages not only carry news and feature stories about almost every sports or recreational activity imaginable but also include columns of summaries, statistics, schedules and standings. Fans may watch the game and television, but they turn to the newspaper for back-ground explanation and the state.
Newspapers also publish news about cultural events, about hobbies and recreational activities: concerts and art exhibits, book reviews, reviews of films and of television programmes, reports on architecture and bridge. They also publish reports on hobbies and columns on chess, coins, stamps and gardening. Feature pages or sections tell readers about interesting or unusual people, place and events. A newspaper publishes many technical stories about law, business, education, science, religion, medicine and other fields. These sometimes technical topics are treated in a more popular way for the average reader.
Newspapers may also organize much of their news coverage and the space devoted to news in another way. They look at news as international or world news, national news, regional news and state news and finally local news. You will find sections and pages of many newspapers with headings or labels that reflect this compartmentalized view.
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